Map and compass field notes

Make the map make sense

A bearing is useful only when it belongs to a clear plan. Start by locating yourself, matching the map with the ground and identifying the next recognisable feature. Then use the compass to describe a direction. The small tool translates a numerical bearing into an eight-point compass label.

Put an idea into practice →

Read a bearing

Choose your values, then try the tool.

Compass directions use eight equal sectors. Grid north and magnetic north may differ.

A field-map study: direction is one clue among shape, distance and recognisable ground.

Orient before measuring

Turn the map so its features line up with the landscape around you. Identify more than one feature where possible: a path junction and a ridge shape provide a stronger picture than a single distant object. Check the map's scale, date and legend before relying on a symbol. A compass helps maintain orientation when the view is limited, but metal objects and nearby equipment can disturb its reading. Keep it clear of those influences and let the needle settle. A confident-looking bearing from an uncertain starting point is still uncertain navigation.

Read the shape of the land

Contour lines connect points of equal elevation. Closely spaced contours usually indicate a steeper slope, while wider spacing suggests gentler ground. Follow the pattern rather than one isolated line: ridges, valleys and saddles become clearer when several contours are read together. The contour interval belongs to the particular map and should be checked in its margin or legend. Relate the pattern to what your feet and eyes report. If the terrain does not match the expected shape, stop and reconsider the position before adding more distance to the mistake.

Use a bearing deliberately

A bearing is measured clockwise from a reference north, with east near 90 degrees, south near 180 and west near 270. Maps may use grid north, while a magnetic compass follows magnetic north; the difference depends on place and time. Use the map's current guidance or an appropriate local source for that adjustment. The tool here only names the direction and normalises a number into a full circle. It does not apply a local correction or choose a safe route through the ground between you and the destination.

Choose a feature to catch

Break a route into short legs ending at recognisable features. Before starting a leg, know what should appear along the way and what feature would tell you that you have gone too far. Estimate distance and time, but treat both as estimates that change with terrain and conditions. Keep checking the map while your position is still clear. If uncertainty grows, pause, return to the last reliable observation if appropriate, and avoid turning an uncertain position into a long speculative journey. Carry suitable backup navigation and the equipment the outing requires.

Words to work with

Contour interval: The vertical difference represented by neighbouring contour lines on the particular map.
Bearing: An angle measured clockwise from a stated north reference to describe a direction.
Catching feature: A recognisable feature beyond a destination that can signal that the intended stopping point was passed.